The average middle-class American household paid approximately three times as much in federal income taxes in 2016 and 2017 as President Trump, a billionaire real estate mogul with properties and developments all over the world.
The New York Times on Sunday revealed that Trump, who has for years refused to release his tax returns, paid $750 in income taxes in 2016 and $750 again in income taxes in 2017.
In 2016, households in the middle 20 percent of the U.S. income distribution paid an average of $2,200 in federal income taxes, according to the Congressional Budget Office, a nonpartisan government agency.
Those middle-income households each earned about $60,000 on average in 2016.
“His income tax burden is certainly much lower than the average taxpayer,” said Brian Galle, a law professor and tax expert at Georgetown Law. “He’s likely paying less than the shoeshine guy who works in the foyer of the Trump Tower.”
The Times’s disclosure of Trump’s shockingly low federal income payments prompted an outpouring of criticism of what appeared to be his unusually aggressive attempts to evade obligations to the Internal Revenue Service.
The Times’s report reveals that Trump also appears to have stretched the boundaries of deductions that allow firms to lower their federal tax burdens on losses and expenses, for instance by paying his daughter Ivanka Trump consulting fees that the firm later claimed as a tax write-off.
Trump’s companies also do pay payroll and unemployment taxes to the federal government, and he probably pays significant taxes on his real estate properties.
But congressional Democrats and multiple tax experts criticized as grossly unfair the idea that Trump would pay far lower in income taxes than middle-class Americans.
Trump bashed the media over the report but did not refute any specific part of the Times’s findings.
“The Fake News Media, just like Election time 2016, is bringing up my Taxes & all sorts of other nonsense with illegally obtained information & only bad intent,” Trump tweeted.
Trump added that he has long said he may release financial statements, which he called “very IMPRESSIVE,” and noted that he has donated his presidential salary while in office.
But financial statements only provide part of a picture of a politician’s wealth and tax history.
Trump broke with decades of precedent in 2016 when he declined to release his tax returns to the public while running for president.
He has not done so since taking office, citing an ongoing audit, though experts say an audit shouldn’t preclude him from releasing the information.
Trump avoided paying taxes for years, largely because his business empire reported losing more money than it made, the report says
About half of all American families paid more in federal income taxes than Trump, according to Ernie Tedeschi, who served as an economist in President Barack Obama’s Treasury Department.
Trump’s federal income tax obligation amounts to less than the typical amount paid by families earning between $40,000 and $50,000, including after their tax credits are factored in, Tedeschi said.
Lily Batchelder, a tax expert at New York University, said on Twitter that over 18 years, from 2000 to 2017, Trump paid the taxes of someone who earned roughly an average of $150,000 annually.
“The outrage is that what he paid in federal income tax is right in the middle of American families and is clearly living a lifestyle that is not in the middle of American families. It’s at the very upper echelon,” Tedeschi said. “And that strikes people as unfair.”
The audit rate for low-income taxpayers fell, too, but by not nearly as much.
Today, a low-income person claiming the earned income tax credit is more likely to be audited by the IRS than someone making $400,000 a year, according to ProPublica.
Trump’s low tax burden stems in large part from the way his businesses are legally incorporated.
Most Americans’ tax payments to the IRS are derived from the income they receive from their wages and salaries from the employer.
In this traditional formula, Americans’ employers — often formed as a “C-Corp,” or corporation — also pay a separate additional tax payment to the IRS on the corporate tax rate.
By contrast, Trump runs his firms as “pass-through” entities.
This legal structure — such as an “S-Corporation” or “Limited Liability Corporation” — requires business owners to report both the income and losses from their business operations on their personal tax returns.
There are almost 30 million pass-through entities in America.
“Trump is not an ordinary taxpayer: He is a business taxpayer with loads of losses, which can do funny things to your taxes and zero them out for some years or many years,” said Kyle Pomerleau, a tax expert at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative-leaning think tank. “It can happen across different industries, for different reasons.”
The revelation is also likely to reanimate a longstanding debate over taxing the rich in the United States.
Wealthy families’ tax burdens have declined dramatically since the 1960s, according to economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman.
Data compiled by the team show that in 1960, the richest 400 families in the U.S. had an average effective tax rate of well over 50 percent.
By 2018 that burden had been slashed by more than half, with the top 400 paying an effective total rate of less than 25 percent — lower than the effective tax rate paid by the bottom half of American households.
Saez and Zucman’s tallies include not just federal income tax but also corporate, state and local taxes.
That decline is partly because of deliberate congressional policy choices, with steep drops observed following the Reagan tax cuts in the 1980s and, more recently, the Trump tax cuts in 2017.
That law lowered the top rate on federal income taxes and slashed the corporate tax rate, both of which were unlikely to have benefited Trump personally.
It also limited taxpayers’ ability to deduct their state and local taxes, which may have squeezed Trump.
But the GOP tax law also significantly expanded a deduction for pass-through, which may have benefited the president.
Congress has also restricted funding for the Internal Revenue Service in recent years, giving the agency fewer resources to go after suspected cases of tax fraud.
An investigation by ProPublica found that the wealthy have been the primary beneficiaries of that policy change, which effectively slashed the audit rate for the richest 1 percent of taxpayers.